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What Does a Rigorous High School Course Load Look Like

What Does a Rigorous High School Course Load Look Like SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Chances are, you've heard the phrase "rigorous course load" before. You probably even know that this is something colleges really look for in applications for admission. So how can you ensure that your high school course load is rigorous or challenging enough? How do you balance this with getting a good GPA? How do you balance the need for rigor with your limitations, extracurricular interests, family and friends, and desire to not overwhelm yourself? Read on for our advice on choosing between harder classes and more classes, and harder classes and better grades. We also go over how many AP classes and electives you should take. What Does Rigorous or Challenging Mean? First off, what does the vague word "rigor" actually mean? Andwhy do colleges value seeing you challenge yourself? As it turns out, exposure to a rigorous curriculum in high school is a better predictor of academic success in college than theeducation level of your parents is, or even your test scores, class rank, and GPA are. And the best place to show that you've been exposed to a challenging curriculum is through your transcript. In other words,college admissions officers want your transcript to show that you are driven, hardworking, and willing to push yourself- especially since research indicates thatif you have these qualities, then you're pretty likely to be a great college student! How to Avoid Being Overwhelmed by a Rigorous Course Load A rigorous curriculum is, at heart, a balancing act. You should take the most challenging courses that are within your ability to handle.At the same time,you should pace yourself so that you're not too overwhelmed by the challenge. Part of showing good judgment and a mature level of self-guidance is being able to balance a hard course load with your extracurricular activities, job, friends and family, and other responsibilities. When in doubt, remember how many expressions there are for this exact situation:"Don't bite off more than you can chew," "Don't let your eyes be bigger than your stomach," etc. Another way to think about a rigorous curriculum is to imagine your high school experience as an uphill climb.Most of the time you want to be farther up the mountain than where you were previously, hiking up steeper and steeper terrain and using everything you've learned to help you keep going. But like all mountaineers, sometimes you need time to stop at base camp or just take a break. As long as you're mostly climbing and not mostly resting, you know you'll get to the top eventually! Sure, they climbed all the way up there. But now it's hot chocolate time! More Classes or Harder Classes? Because much of your high school course load is up to you, a classic question students often have is whether they should show more breadth or more depth. For example, if you're into science, should you take every science course available at a basic level? Or should you focus on a couple of specific subjects, such as biology or physics, and take harder honors/AP classes in them? Based on our experience, colleges tend to favor students who've taken a few harder classes instead of a lot of easier classes.According to the National Association for College Admission Counseling's (NACAC) 2017 State of College Admission Report, 52% of schools surveyed ranked strength of curriculum as considerably important in admissions. Your transcripts should show how you've taken full advantage of the challenges available to you at your school- but always within reason, of course.This means that you should take progressively more difficult classes in each topic each year rather than jumping from intro class to intro class. The general idea is to show that you're intellectually prepared for college-level studying, and that you've developed a habit of guiding yourself toward increasing challenges. This demonstrates grit, resilience, perseverance, and a mature work ethic. Why is this guy so chill? Because he has figured out his own carrying capacity perfectly. Better Grades or Harder Classes? Again, definitely opt for harder classes. Most colleges say that a transcript that shows a student has taken increasingly demanding classes is more important than a transcript with a higher GPA.The NACAC survey reported that 77% of schools surveyed believe that grades in college prep courses(i.e., core classes such as English and science), as well as grades in allclasses you take as a high school student, are considerably important factorsin the admissions process. Butgetting straight As in low-level classes, instead of trying for an honors or AP class, might suggest to colleges that you're not challenging yourself enough. It's like asking Olympic swimmer Michael Phelps to compete against 5-year-olds; colleges would rather see you get a B in an AP course than an A in a regular course. Of course, this isn't to say that all your classes should be as challenging as possible- this goes back to the whole balance thing we talked about earlier. A D in an AP course looks a lot worse than an A in a regular course! Still, you want to demonstrate that you're able and willing to reach slightly beyond your grasp.The best course of action, then, is to challenge yourself most in classes that reflect your specific interests.So if you're a science whiz, you might consider diving more deeply into calculus, biology, or physics. If you're into the social sciences, you can take economics and psychology at high levels, even at the expense of taking AP Physics. You never know what might spark your passion, though, so be open to finding challengeeven in those fields you aren’t particularly interested in now. Which Classes Should You Take for a Rigorous Course Load? Now that you understand that colleges prize course difficulty over GPA, how can you decide on the courses you should take? This heavily depends on what your high school's course options and prerequisites are. Your school has already figured out how to get you from one step to the next. What Are My High School’s Course Progressions? Planning a rigorous curriculum should start early (think 9th or 10th grade), and it should definitely take into account the way your high school has structured your learning from grade 9 to 12. Step 1: Meet With Your School Counselor Come to the meeting ready to take good notes- you're about to get a whole lot of information! It's probably a good idea to bring your parents to the meeting as well. Ask about requirements for graduation.Discuss possible ways you can progress through the required course load. Ask how many electives you can fit into your schedule.Talk also aboutthe elective opportunities your school offers. Ask about prerequisites for honors, AP, and/or IB classes.Make sure you're clear on what you need to do to start taking a higher-level class than you were in before. Ask about the possibility of independent study.This option might make most sense after you finish a particular subject’s course progression. For example, my high school offered five years of Latin (from 8th to 12th grade). A fellow Latin nerd and I took one of those years over the summer. With the help of our amazing teacher, we created a Latin 6class our senior year. This took my passion for Latin literature even further and also definitely demonstrated rigor on my transcript. Step 2: Draw a 4-Year Chart Now that you have much of the information you need, you can start to make a plan. Draw achart by dividing a piece of paper into four sections; each section represents ayear of high school. Divide each of these sectionsinto smaller rectangles, with each rectangle representing one course you'll take that year. Pro tip:Don't draw more rectangles than the number of courses you're allowed to take per year! First, fill in all the graduation requirements you learned about in your meeting. Be sure that you're planning to take a harder, more challenging class for each subject each year. Now, with the rectangles that are still blank, you can start gaming outelectives. To help you out, here are our in-depth articles on required and elective classes, from standard through AP: High school math classes High school English classes High school science classes High school history classes High school foreign language classes High school electives Right now, it'sbalanced. But what if you addone more? How Many APs or IBs Should I Take? You know what your school's course progressions are- but where do AP and IB classes fit in? And how can you know whether you're ready for these challenging classes? Read on for our tips. Am I Ready for AP/IB Material? There are a couple of different ways to check whether you areready to take an AP- or IB-level high school class: Get an outside opinion.For example, your teacher should be able to tell you whether you'd be able to handle the work load and meet the overall academic expectations. If you took the PSAT or PreACT, use your scores to see where you stand. Your guidance counselor can look at these and then tell you whether he or she thinks you're ready to take AP and/or IB classes. Where Is the Line Between Challenging and Too Much? A good rule of thumb is to try for one to three AP classes per year of high school (probably not counting 9th grade). This kind of course load definitely shows a willingness to be challenged. 11th and 12thgrade is the time to go even harder- if you think you're up to it. For example, though I took only one AP class my freshman year and two my sophomore year, both junior and senior years I took four AP classes apiece.Sure,the added depth and breadth of what I was studying looked good on my transcript- but more importantly, it made my learning fascinating and engaging on a whole new level! What About Electives? Although the name makes them sound either optional or trivial, electives are nothing but.In fact, research indicates that students who take courses in the fine/performing arts often perform better in school and on standardized tests! In a rigorous course load, electives can be the bridge between what you need to do and what you want to do. Courses such as visual art, theater, journalism, computer science, and philosophy can ultimately demonstrate your passions and interests to colleges. Electives are alsoa way for you to showcase your strengths.For example, taking extra years of a foreign language or optional classes in STEM fields such as statistics or robotics lets you continue building upon your passion, while also raising your GPA and showing that you are willing to pursue rigor. Sample Rigorous Course Schedule for Each Grade Level By now, you should have a pretty clear idea as to what a rigorous course load is and what kinds of classes you can take to impress admissions committees. To give you an even better idea of what a possible schedule could look like, here are some sample course schedules for each grade level (from 9th to 12th grade). Note that you do not have to follow these schedules exactly when planning what courses to take, sinceyour school's course offerings, your state's graduation requirements, and your own interests will likely differ from what we include below.That said, feel free to use it as a rough guide for how you might want to plan your future class schedule. The following schedule would be most appropriate for somebody who is strong in the fields of math and science, and who hopes to study one of these topics at the college level. Notice how this student uses electives to take additional science classes (e.g., marine science and computer science) and to keep up her foreign language skills. 9th Grade Course Schedule Fall Semester Geometry Honors Biology Geography Honors Language Arts French 1 Physical Education Spring Semester Geometry Honors Biology Geography Honors Language Arts French 1 Marine Science 10th Grade Course Schedule Fall Semester Algebra 2 AP Chemistry Honors World History Introduction to English Composition French 2 Physical Education Spring Semester Algebra 2 AP Chemistry Honors World History Introduction to English Composition French 2 Computer Science Choose classes that let you explore your academic interests on a deeper level. 11th Grade Course Schedule Fall Semester Honors Precalculus AP Physics US History AP English Language and Composition French 3 Health Spring Semester Honors Precalculus AP Physics US History AP English Language and Composition French 3 Physical Education 12th Grade Course Schedule Fall Semester AP Calculus BC AP Biology Honors English Literature Honors Government French 4 AP Statistics Spring Semester] AP Calculus BC AP Biology Honors English Literature Honors Economics French 4 AP Statistics What If My High School Offers FewRigorous Classes? Not all high schools offer tons of challenging courses. If this is the case for you, what should you do to prove that you're indeed ready for college-level work? Here are your two best options: Option 1: Look for Outside Options Whether your school lacks advanced study options or lacks subjects you find especially compelling, one option is to take classes outside your school.Ask yourself the following questions: Does your school offer adual enrollment program? If so, you could take rigorous college-level courses that provide both high school and college credit. Do you have the opportunity to take online or summer courses? This could be a way to fill in curriculum gaps. Option 2: Explain Your Circumstances on Your Application College admissions offices put a tremendous amount of effort into figuring out what your high school is like when they look at your transcript. This is why if you go to a low-performing school, it's a good idea to include in your college application a description of what was and was not available at your high school. You should also definitely know that even the most exclusive colleges do not expect you to be able to provide coursework for yourself outside what your school offers you. For example, Yale's admission QA page stresses how much they take context into account: "We know you did not design your school’s curriculum ... Different schools have different requirements that may restrict what courses you can take. Again, we only expect that you will excel in the opportunities to which you have access." All colleges expect you to wear many hats. What About Life Outside My Schoolwork? One of the qualities colleges also look for in applicants is your time-management skills. Being able to balance your courses alongside extracurricular activities that are meaningfully sustained over time indicates that you are ready for the kind of independent work and time management necessary to succeed in college. If you find that so much of your time is going into your school work that you're neglecting every other aspect of your life, it's time to step back and reevaluate your challenge level. What’s Next? Ready to learn about the class progressions of different high school classes? Read our guides to choosinghigh school math classes,English classes,science classes,history classes,foreign language classes, andelectives. Want to start planning a more rigorous class schedule? Check out our guide to picking the right AP classes for you. A little confused about whether the AP or IB program is right for you?Our guide spells outthe differences between the two programs and gives you tips on how to choose. Wondering if asummer class is right for you? Exploreour guides totheSIG, CTY, and Stanford EPGYprograms! Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Level of evidence grid assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Level of evidence grid - Assignment Example P., & Kent, D. M. (2010). The Stroke Practice Improvement Network: a quasi experimental trial of a multifaceted intervention to improve quality. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, 19(2), 130-137. Power, M. L., Cross, S. P., Roberts, S., & Tyrrell, P. J. (2007). Evaluation of a service development to implement the top three process indicators for quality stroke care. Journal of evaluation in clinical practice, 13(1), 90-94. Lakshminarayan, K., Tsai, A. W., Tong, X., Vazquez, G., Peacock, J. M., George, M. G., & Anderson, D. C. (2010). Utility of dysphagia screening results in predicting post stroke pneumonia. Stroke, 41(12), 2849-2854. Aboelela, S. W., Stone, P. W., & Larson, E. L. (2007). Effectiveness of bundled behavioural interventions to control healthcare-associated infections: a systematic review of the literature. Journal of Hospital Infection, 66(2), 101-108. Hinchey, J. A., Shepherd, T., Tonn, S. T., Ruthazer, R., Hermann, R. C., Selker, H. P., & Kent, D. M. (2010). The Stroke Practice Improvement Network: a quasi experimental trial of a multifaceted intervention to improve quality. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, 19(2), 130-137. Kirsh, S. R., Lawrence, R. H., & Aron, D. C. (2008). Tailoring an intervention to the context and system redesign related to the intervention: A case study of implementing shared medical appointments for diabetes. Implementation Science, 3(1), 34. Lakshminarayan, K., Tsai, A. W., Tong, X., Vazquez, G., Peacock, J. M., George, M. G., & Anderson, D. C. (2010). Utility of dysphagia screening results in predicting post stroke pneumonia. Stroke, 41(12), 2849-2854. Power, M. L., Cross, S. P., Roberts, S., & Tyrrell, P. J. (2007). Evaluation of a service development to implement the top three process indicators for quality stroke care. Journal of evaluation in clinical practice, 13(1),

The septuagint as a result of the diaspora of Jews in Egypt Research Paper

The septuagint as a result of the diaspora of Jews in Egypt - Research Paper Example locations.1 Under the reign of several foreign kings, most of the members of the Jewish faith were removed out of Judea. These people had to adapt to the languages of the ruling empires to continue trade and commerce, aside from being under the rule of another empire. Under Persian rule, apart from Hebrew as the language of Jews, Aramaic also became the lingua franca, and eventually was accepted as an official language. So profound was the effect of the Persians that prayer books of Jews during that time were written in Aramaic.2 During the reign of Alexander the Great, there was a wide spread of the Hellenistic culture, and as a result aside from being able to speak Aramaic and Hebrew, most Jews were able to speak fluent Greek as well. The flexibility of Jews in adapting to the reigning empire’s generic laws such as the choice of languages enabled them not only to translate some of their scriptures into Aramaic, but to Greek as well. The Septuagint, also known as LXX, is a co llection of Jewish scriptures that were translated into Greek, and was believed to have been written sometime during the Ptolemaic rule in Egypt, under Ptolemy II Philadelphus’ reign (282-246 BC).3 The original title of the Septuagint is interpretation septuaginta vivorum, or â€Å"the translation of seventy men† in English, and according to some legends these 70 or 72 men were composed of six scholars from each tribe of Judea. The collection of writings was considered to be the gift of Jews to the Greek-speaking world, as described by the Jewish author Philo of Alexandria in Egypt.4 For some scholars, the prototypes or the earliest forms of the translated scriptures were called Old Greek, abbreviated as OG, and the succeeding materials were collectively known as Septuagint.5 The texts were originally composed of the translations of the Pentateuch, but other scriptures were added to the collection.6 It can be deduced that the monotheistic nature of the Jews persisted d uring several periods under different rulers, which they considered to be polytheistic or Gentile. The resilience as well as the continuous faith of the Jews in their God has been proven by a number of works that have survived numerous centuries under the reign of several empires. Thus, the Septuagint, though being described by most Hebrew scholars during its time as a controversial document due to some deviations from the original Hebrew texts, is considered a testament of the Jews staying monotheistic regardless of where they are or who the reigning emperor is. THE DIASPORA OF JEWS The idea of leaving the homeland has been a recurring theme in the history of Jews, since the time of Abraham, and being exiled is the punishment of God that is to be accepted.7 Thus most of the stories in the Pentateuch were about the exile of Jews in search of the one true God. While the numerous travels and the long durations of being away from the homeland proved to be both harsh and not, for most J ews this also served as a blessing to them, especially with regard to the continuation of the Judean

The Moral Justification of Capitalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6500 words

The Moral Justification of Capitalism - Essay Example A peaceable community in that wisdom recognizes property rights; indeed, a property right is nothing but a right to go on with action involving the thing owned, on ones own provisos and standards, unless and until the user employs it to abuse the rights of others. Once we have these ready, we do not call for the discourses on tribal loyalty, custom, legislation, theories on what is moral or not and the like. Indeed, all those discourses and theories involve major costs and key liabilities to conflict. The essence of this paper is to give a description of the prevailing attitudes toward capitalism and the challenge to learn why those viewpoints are all completely erroneous. The body of this presentation will articulate some illusory claims to the contrary. The demand to look into the moral justification of capitalism is set on the prevailing attitudes that critics have drawn and the belief that the system is completely wrong and it has caused massive destruction in the economic and political realm. These misconceptions based on superstitions and stereotypes cause those without intellectual bravery to falter on their standpoints and beliefs in support of capitalism. The argument floated by critics of capitalism is not watertight. Reisman asserts that the profit motive, which in time has become the sole cause of starvation wages, drives capitalism. The critic’s further claim is that capitalism is the root cause of child labor, inflation and depressions caused by indiscriminate depletion of the resources of the planet. A further argument is that Capitalism is akin to imperialism and it is responsible for the unending wars, racism and tribalism. What is more, the enemies of capitalism blatantly challenge saving, a major attribute of capitalism, claiming it is a form of hoarding. When people compete for resources and profits, they use the laws governing competition and free market; laws that they say belong to the jungle.

Glossary of Medical Terms and Definitions

Glossary of Medical Terms and Definitions Glossary of Terms A Adhesions-  adhesions are bands of tissue that form between the abdominal organs. Normally, the surface of abdominal organs is smooth and glistening. This enables the abdominal organs to slide or glide over each other with ease. Adhesions cause the abdominal organs to stick together. Most often, the adhesions are asymptomatic and cause no trouble to a person. The most common cause of abdominal adhesions is surgery. Factors that promote adhesion formation post surgery include physical handling of the abdominal organs, contact of the organs with foreign objects such as gauze and blood clots that were not be completely cleaned out. Adhesions secondary to surgery may cause disease many years later. Adhesions can also be due to inflammation in the abdominal cavity. Inflammation can be due to appendicitis or peritonitis. Radiation treatment has also been shown to contribute to adhesion formation. Adhesions if symptomatic often present with chronic abdominal pain. In the abdomen, they can result in intestinal obstruction; in the pelvis they cause infertility. Artificial sweeteners-  sugar substitutes are food additives that duplicate the effect of sugar in food. They can be of natural or synthetic nature. Artificial sweeteners are sugar substitutes that are synthetic. Other types of sugar substitutes are sugar alcohols, novel sweeteners and natural sweeteners. Sugar substitutes have gained popularity in the recent past because they deliver the same sweetness but with less calorie consumption. Sugar substitutes are not without health benefits. Artificial sweeteners are tooth friendly and reduce risk of developing dental caries. In diabetic patients, they contribute to better sugar control. They are not carbohydrates and therefore do not raise the blood sugar level after consumption. Virtually, they deliver no calories to the body and are a healthier alternative to patients who want to lose weight or assist individuals from piling on weight. Several artificial sweeteners have been approved for use by the FDA and include stevia, saccharine and sucralose. However, the consumption of artificial sweetener has to be within the limits of acceptable daily intake (ADI) to ensure that the health of an individual is not compromised. B Baroreceptor Think of the baroreceptors in your body as the pressure gage system. A baroreceptor is a sensory nerve ending that resides in the major arteries of the human body. These sense changes in blood pressure and thus these nerve endings play an important role in assisting the circulatory system. Baroreceptors may be found in larger arteries of the body and may be located in the aorta and the carotid artery for example. Thus these receptors send alerts to the brain about blood pressure changes so that the brain may then create a response to the changes. It works like this. As blood pressure rises the vessel walls expand. As the walls expand this triggers more rapid firing off of these receptors. If blood pressure lowers then the receptors lower the firing rate or signaling rate to a less than normal firings. The brain knows what â€Å"normal† should be and thus can respond based upon the signals given by the receptors. Baroreceptors don’t simply note change. They note the amount of change and the timing of that change. By studying the reactions of a body’s receptors a medical professional can evaluate and diagnose some serious problems and thereby understand what kinds of treatment may be needed. Bile duct-  bile or gall is a fluid that is synthesized in the liver. It is a complex fluid that is composed of bile acids, cholesterol, phospholipids and bilirubin. Bilirubin is an end product of hemoglobin degradation. Bile is green in color and is essential in the digestion of fats in the small intestines. Bile is transported through a complex network of tubes known as the billiary tree from the liver to the gall bladder for storage. Many bile ducts make up the billiary tree. These are tubular structures with thin walls that act as transport passages for delivery of bile to the gall bladder through the hepatic duct. Sometimes bile ducts can become obstructed by bile stones. This results in severe right upper abdominal pain and abdominal discomfort which worsens with intake of fatty meals. The billiary ducts can be visualized through specialized medical imaging which employs use or radio isotopes to light up the billiary tree. Biologic mesh-  a mesh is a sheet made of interconnected strands of a given material. In medicine, meshes are a crucial component of hernia repair. They are either synthetic or biologic in nature. Biologic meshes are derived from the human or porcine dermis. Once inserted, a biologic mesh induces the proliferation of fibroblasts and endothelial cells into the mesh substance. This is achieved through action of residual growth hormone in the substance of the mesh. This process results in degradation and rebuilding of the collagen scaffold of the mesh with the end result being complete incorporation of the mesh in the body. Recently, there has been a shift from the use of synthetic to biologic meshes due to better outcome associated with the later. Synthetic meshes have been associated with higher incidence of complications such as infections, skin erosion and formation of fistulas. Biologic meshes have shown promising outcome especially in repair of hernias that have contaminated wou nds. C Computer network-  a computer network refers to a group of computers that are connected to each other electronically. Information can be shared between the linked computers through data connections. This is achieved through use of cables or wireless technology. Information technology has a key role in expansion and delivery of quality healthcare. In hospitals, two types of networks re found. The first is the local area network (LAN) which connects members of a given office or department. This facilitates formation of a departmental database that enables ease in communication and efficiency in execution of its mandates. The second type is the wide area network (WAN) which connects all the hospital departments to a central computer programme that is concerned with patient management. This ensures easy accessibility to patient records from various departments such as laboratory results, radiology examinations and consultation notes. The benefits of computer networking in a hospital ar e immense. It allows for easy access to a patients history and medical records for the multidisciplinary team that is involved in the treatment of the patient. One of its major downfalls is the safety of patient’s records in that an unauthorized person can hack past security measures and access a patient’s personal information. Coping strategies-  coping is a deliberate effort made by an individual to solve personal and interpersonal problems. Coping is a reaction to what is affecting an individual in the environment. It is a survival technique in which a person aims to master or tolerate stressors in the environment. The ability to cope varies with individuals. A number of factors contribute to the ability of a person to cope. The type of stressor, the person and the environment are key determinants. Coping can be successful or it can fail. When coping fails, the outcome is maladaptive behavior. There are numerous coping mechanisms. Broadly they can be divided into three. Appraisal focused coping mechanism is when an individual challenges himself or herself by facing ones assumptions. In problem focused approach, coping is aimed at reducing or eliminating the stressor. In the emotion focused approach, an individual aims at changing their own emotional response to various stressors. D Diaphragm The main muscle in the respiration process is the diaphragm, located between the thoracic cavity and the abdomen. Damage to this muscle can cause severe breathing difficulties. Usually the contracting and then again relaxing of this muscle is involuntary, however, a person can control it at times. A muscle that separates the pelvic cavity from the perineal cavity is also referred to as a diaphragm. It supports the pelvic and restrains abdominal pressure so that said pressure does not cause pelvic issues. A man made version of this can be surgically installed in order to prevent pregnancy and some sexually transmitted diseases. To aid in diagnostics a physician can use a disc type object known as a diaphragm with the standard microscope. This objet acts to filter light rays in order to help create a more easily visible image. This disc can also be added to a camera lense for the capturing of a more useful image. One popular such type is the Iris Diaphragm. Database-  database refers to a collection of information or data that is arranged in such a way such that a computer software programme can effectively select required piece(s) of data to fulfill a given requirement. The organization of the data ensures easy retrieval. Database management systems are softwares that act as the go between the user and the database itself to help capture and analyze any data. Databases are a form of electronic filing system and organization of data is achieved through use of tables. In medical field, various kinds of databases exist. Medical research databases offer easy access to information including recent clinical trials, drug information updates and emerging evidence in various medical fields. Symptoms databases will enable a layman to have an idea of what disease(s) they could be ailing from. This however does not validate self treatment and there is still need to see a healthcare provider. Databases are also essential in analysis of medical re search data because it is easier to retrieve all records that match a certain criteria, update records in bulk and cross reference data from various tables. Dyspnea   In medical language shortness of breath is known as dyspnea. At onset it is important to know a few details. Was this onset gradual or rapid? Was onset at a time of rest or exercise? Does the patient have a medical condition already that could explain this new symptom? Dyspnea is a symptom and it is important to find the root cause so that proper treatment can be given. Some activity related causes of dyspnea may include asthma, congestive obstructive pulmonary disease, heart related diseases or even anxiety. Inhalers hay be useful for the pulmonology related disorders. Medications may often be given for the other heart related or anxiety related conditions. Dyspnea related to being at rest may also occur. Like the active type, this too has many different causes. Some examples of causes might include allergy, anxiety, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, angina, chronic fatigue syndrome and many more. While some of these may be difficult to diagnose, it is best to find the cause of dyspnea and treat the cause rather than to just treat a symptom and not deal with the overall problem. E Eating awareness-  awareness is the state or ability to perceive, feel, or to be conscious of events, objects or sensory patterns. Eating awareness is more or less refers to mindful eating. This is the accepting and dedicating special attention to an individual’s thoughts, feelings and behaviors as pertains to eating. Mindful eating tends to gear away from a dietary approach in terms of losing weight. In dieting, restrictions are put on amount and type of foods that are allowed. Most people however are not able to adhere to the strict diet guidelines. This results in indulgence of the prohibited foods. This places a person on an oscillating motion from dieting to indulgence interspersed with feelings of guilt and shame. Mindful eating is not a diet. It is giving food and eating one full’s attention which allows one to attain optimal enjoyment and without eating in excess. It makes it possible for one to experience the difference between physical satisfaction and fulln ess. Electronic medical record-  this is chart containing all of a patient’s information and medical history stored in digital form. It is patient’s information on past medical treatment from an individual practice office. It offers numerous advantages over paper records. It allows for storage of more information, it makes a patient’s information accessible to more than one person and enhances ease of understanding information by bypassing the hurdle of illegible handwriting. A clinician is also able to effectively tract a patient’s progress over time. It is also easier to follow up patients on some procedures such as vaccinations and screenings. It also enables patients to participate in their own care because this information can be made available to them. Overall, electronic medical records improve the quality of patient care in a practice. This should not be confused with an electronic health record. In the later, the patient’s information is more comprehensive and can be shared with clinicians in other practices. Exercise   The act of using a part of the human in order to improve upon it may be referred to as exercise. Exercise may be either physical or mental. Exercise has the purpose of maintaining or building up whatever is being actively used. Mental exercise can be done in order to strengthen or improve mental abilities. A few examples of mental exercises would include puzzles, games, quizzes, discussion groups and active conversation on a given topic. The more a person exercises the mind the stronger that person’s mental abilities may become. Physical exercise maintains or builds up the physical body. Regular exercise can improve endurance, strength, balance and flexibility. Aerobic exercise can build endurance over time quite well. Weight lifting is an example of a strength building exercise. Balance related exercises can help prevent accidental falling, especially for older adults. Yoga is one example of flexibility exercise. Also one can use relaxation exercises to help relax the body before sleep or to help in the relief of stress. Regular exercise, either mental or physical, has many benefits. If a person wants to remain healthy and strong then a regular and challenging exercise program is in order. Physical exercise can also help with weightloss, improve heart health, release tension and much more. Exercise improves the life of a person and that is a good thing. F Fat-  in chemistry, the term fat is used to describe a group of compounds that dissolve in organic solvents. Fats can exist in solid or liquid at room temperature. All fats are derived from fatty acids and glycerol. Fat in the body is referred t o as adipose tissue. The human body gets fat from the diet or from synthesis within the body. Dietary fat can be sourced from plant or animal fats. Animal products that contain fat include meats and milk products. Plant fats can be found in nuts, sunflower, and soya beans among others. In the body, excess calories are converted to fat. Broadly, fats can be categorized into unsaturated, saturated and Trans fats. Structurally, saturated fats do not have a double bond between any of its constituent’s carbon atoms. Most saturated fats are of animal origin and are unhealthy. Unsaturated fats have a double bond between the carbon atoms and are considered healthier. Trans fat which are unhealthy arise from the partial hydrogenation of fats during food processing and are found in processed foods. In the body, fats are useful for insulation, for production of steroid hormones and absorption of fat soluble vitamins among other functions. G Gland A group of cells whose purpose is to secrete substances in order to make the body run more efficiently is known as a gland. Human anatomy has two types of these, the exocrine and the endocrine glands. These help to remove materials from the body and also to provide needed materials for certain processes requiring substances that otherwise would not be present in these areas. The exocrine glands secrete substances outside of the body. Examples would be the salivary glands or sweat glands. Salivary glands secrete fluid inside the mouth. Sweat glands secrete their substance through the skin in places such as the underarms, neck, forehead and other skin areas. While the salivary glands help with digestion, the sweat glands act as the body’s cooling system. Both are quite important. Endocrine glands secrete their substances inside of the body. These too are quite important. The glands in this group include the pineal, hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, thymus, adrenals, pancreas and gonads. Each of these serves a special purpose and a deficiency in any of these areas will greatly impact quality of life. The physician who treats such problems is known as an endocrinologist. I Incarcerated hernia-  a hernia is defined as a protrusion of abdominal contents through an area of weakening in the abdominal wall. A hernia can be reducible or irreducible. A reducible hernia is that which the contents of the herniation can be manually pushed back through the abdominal wall into the abdomen. An irreducible hernia is one in which it is not possible to reduce the contents of the hernia manually. In this case, the hernia contents become trapped in the hernia sac. An incarcerated hernia is irreducible. Femoral hernias, indirect inguinal hernias and abdominal wall hernias are likely to become incarcerated. Though the hernia is irreducible, the blood supply to the trapped abdominal contents is not compromised. However, there is a high risk of this occurring. Symptoms include a painful swelling that may have recently enlarged nausea and vomiting, fever and abdominal distention. Surgery is the only treatment option for incarcerated hernias. A potential complication of thi s hernia is strangulation which will result in death of trapped hernia contents due to lack of blood supply. Internal hernia-  a hernia refers to the protrusion of an abdominal organ through an area of weakness in the abdominal wall. An internal hernia refers to protrusion of a visceral organ through the peritoneum, foramen or mesentry with the organ remaining within the abdominal cavity. In internal hernias, a swelling on the abdominal wall associated with external hernias is absent. Examples of internal hernias include diaphragmatic hernia, hiatal hernia, sigmoid mesocolon hernia, Winslow hernia, tranmesentric hernia among others. Internal hernias are common after gastric bypass surgery. Due to lack of physical signs associated with an external hernia, the diagnosis of an internal hernia is often difficult to make. The symptoms are due to the local effect that a hernia causes. For instance a hiatal hernia will present with gastroesopageal reflex disease. A spinal hernia may present with limb weakness, paresthesia urinary and stool incontinence. Treatment of internal hernias is surgical. M Machine learning   Machine learning is a type of artificial intelligence that is geared towards technological advancement of humans through use of computers. Machine learning equips computers with the ability to learn without them being programmed. Computer programmes are designed in such a way that they teach themselves to grow and react differently when exposed to new data. This advancement in computing is achieved through continuous exposure to new scenarios, tests and information. The computer is then able pick a pattern or detects a trend from the given data. Through this, the computers then learn how to perform tasks by generalizing from previous examples. In other words the computer is able to solve a problem using prior experience or examples from past data. In modern medicine, medical imaging is an indispensible tool. Machine learning is essential in the medical imaging field through applications that assist in medical image analysis, image fusion, image guided therapy and computer aided diagnosis. Machine learning can also be used to predict response of different patients to treatment through analysis of data. Metabolic equivalent   It is also known as the metabolic equivalent of task (MET). This is a unit of measurement that is used to determine the energy requirement of a given task. 1 metabolic equivalent is defined as the amount of oxygen that is consumed while sitting and at rest. This translates to about 3.5 mls of oxygen per kilogram of body weight. The MET values of any given physical activity can be determined by dividing the oxygen cost of the activity by 3.5. The intensity of the activity is directly proportional to the MET value. MET values for various activities provide a simple and practical way that helps determine the energy expenditure of various activities. In medicine, MET values are useful in that they can be used to determine how much exercise or physical activity an individual can tolerate safely. The patient is then able to establish a repertoire of activities that they can partake in safely. Metabolic surgery   This is a term that has recently gained popularity in the field of bariatric surgery. Obesity is associated with adverse effect on many of the body’s metabolic processes. Of concern is glucose metabolism. Obesity increases the risk for type 2 diabetes and most obese people have concurrent type 2 diabetes. Metabolic surgery is a term that refers to a set of gastrointestinal operations used with intent to treat diabetes and metabolic dysfunction including obesity. Simply put, these are surgical procedures that primarily aim at correcting dysfunction in glucose metabolism. An example of such a procedure is the RY gastric bypass. It is not clear how bariatric surgical procedures produce remission in type 2 diabetes. Theories existing include that introduction of food directly to the lower intestine via bypass stimulates release of GLP-1 whish results in secretion of insulin. It is also hypothesized that rearranging the gut results in decrease of hunger stimul ating hormones such as peptide YY which result in decreased intake of sugar hence better glucose control. O Operation   An operation is a medical procedure involving incision, with instruments. It is performed for repair of damaged tissue for instance after trauma. It is also done to arrest the progress of any pathology. The term surgery and operation can be used synonymously. A surgeon is a trained medical specialist who performs the surgery. An operation can be elective or an emergency. An elective operation is scheduled and performed for conditions that do not pose an immediate threat to the patient. An emergence operation is performed immediately because of presence of a life threatening condition in a patient. Based on the degree of invasion, an operation can be minimally, moderately or extensively invasive. An operation is a sterile procedure that is performed in a sterile environment. It entails use of a multidisciplinary team. There is the surgeon, the anesthetist, the scrub nurse among others. During the procedure, the patient is given medication that makes them sleep. Most oper ations will involve a hospital stay of at least a few days and a recovery period of at least two weeks. R Revisional surgery   Increase in the incidence of obesity in the world birthed bariatric surgery. This is a division of surgery that provides procedures geared towards helping patients lose weight. Revisional surgery refers to an operation that is done in patients who have already undergone a previous form of bariatric surgery. It is usually performed in the setting of complications or if the post surgery weight loss in not tallying with the expected. Complications that can prompt revisional surgery include development of fistulas, ulcers, continuous vomiting and protein energy malnutrition. Reversal of a procedure can also be done if a patient loses too much weight. Options for revision are dependent on the primary procedure that was done, some limit revision options. Recent surgical techniques offer more revision options compared to older techniques. Revisional surgeries are associated with greater risk for adverse outcome in the patient. Risk is highest in people who have lost t oo much weight and lowest in those who had minimal weight loss after the primary procedure. S Scar   Nature marks an area that has not properly healed with what is called a scar, a mark or reminder of what happened. Such a mark may be on the skin, inside the body or it can be mental or emotional. Such a marking indicates a healing issue. Scars on the skin come in different types. A normal scar may start out red and fade in time as the injury burns. A keloid scar results when there is extra collagen, resulting in a scar that continues to grow. This growth continues even after the wound has healed. The hypertrophic scar raises above the skin and is red. This type may last for up to five years. An atrophic scar, also known as a pitted scar or an ice pick scar, results from skin conditions such as acne. Finally with a burn the result may be a scar contracture where the skin shrinks up around the area of injury. The above mentioned are physical manifestations due to injury. Serious life events may also leave emotional or mental scars that show up as behavior or mood issues due to the lack of healing. These too can fade over time. Sheath   An envelope or casing that covers is known as a sheath. The human body has many of these. Also medicine has created some in order to make procedures easier. One example of such a tool would be a catheter sheath that is used to help make putting in a catheter easier. In the human body there are other examples of a sheath. The male penis retracts into a sheath. A nerve may be protected by a myelin sheath. A tendon is protected by a tissue sheath. The purpose of a sheath is to protect and to help in holding together whatever is inside the sheath or case. It is composed of tissue that surrounds the object being protected. Medical tools that protect and are called sheaths may be made of many different substances. One obvious example of a sheath is a rubber that a man wears to protect his partner from receiving the sperm at ejaculation. Such a sheath protects a woman from getting pregnant. Shunt   A device surgically implanted in order to drain excess cerebrospinal fluid from the brain is known as a shunt. These may be either the fixed pressure type or the programmable variety. If the needs of the patient change then the fixed pressure type will require a new surgery. The programmable type can have the pressure setting changed while in the physician’s office. A typical shunt has four parts. First fluid begins to be transferred out via a catheter or pouch in the brain. It is then collected in a reservoir that has been connected to the catheter. A valve then controls the pressure build up, allowing excess cerebrospinal fluid to then be taken away via the lower catheter, which then sends the fluid elsewhere in the body to be absorbed. Shunts are identified based on where they have been placed and where they drain into. Thus a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt, for example, has been placed in the ventricular part of the brain and will be drained into the stomach. A patient should carry medical identification so that if an emergency does happen the authorities will know about the shunt. Sinus   A cavity or space where something can flow through is known as a sinus. The human body contains several areas that this term can be applied to. Most people know about the nasal cavity, known as your sinuses, but the body also has other places where it has similar cavities. This term  sinus  applies to cavities in the heart, neck, anis, cervix and more. These spaces can become homes for infections at times. Allergens can inflame a sinus cavity. Such inflammations may be treated with antihistamines to relieve symptoms. Most frequently this term â€Å"sinus  is used in referring to the sinuses in the skull. Four pairs of sinus passages exist in the human skull. Air fills these, however, they may be blocked by excess mucous. Such an infection may be referred to as sinusitis. Symptoms may include headache, congestion, watery eyes and even mild fever. Antibiotics and decongestants may be given to treat sinusitis. Stapler   In medicine this is a surgical tool used to close wounds. The kind of stapler used depends upon the kind of staples required by the procedure. These instruments differ depending upon what is being done. They may be placed externally or internally. Medical staplers may even be purchased by anyone online at places like Amazon. The use of the stapler makes closing the wound easier for the surgeon. Also such technology provides for a faster recovery time for the patient. A stapler may also come with a removing tool to be used when the patient returns for his or her check up. Disolvable staples are also available, thus making removal not necessary. The stapler provides quality temporary wound closure, allowing for ease of care and ease of removal. Staplers come in many sizes and shapes, designed according to purpose and wound size. Staplers are an intrinsic part of any surgeon’s tools. Strangulated hernia   A hernia refers to protrusion of abdominal contents through an area of weakness in the abdominal wall. Anatomically, a hernia is composed of the hernia sac, the hernia contents and the neck of the hernia. A hernia becomes strangulated when its blood supply is cut off and the trapped components become ischemic. A femoral hernia has the highest likelihood of becoming strangulated. This is because it has a narrow neck. After the blood supply is cut off, death of trapped tissue occurs as early as within 6 hours. Strangulated hernia has a high risk of perforation due to impaired integrity of the intestinal wall. A patient experiences severe abdominal pain of sudden onset. The pain is first located at the site of the hernia then it becomes generalized over the whole abdomen. This may be accompanied by abdominal distention, nausea and vomiting. A strangulated hernia is a medical emergency. Surgery is the mainstay of treatment. The dead portion of the intestine is cut off and the two healthy ends are then anastomosed. The hernia is also repaired to avoid recurrence. Surgical obstruction   Intestinal obstruction exists when there is failure, reversal or impairment of the normal transit of the intestinal contents. It can be partial or complete. The obstruction can be within the hollow tubular structure of the gut. An example is in when swallows a foreign body, in the presence of massive number of intestinal worms or human hair. The defect can also be due to dysfunction in muscular activity of the intestinal wall and peristalsis is impaired. The defect can also be outside the gut wall which is usually due to a mass pressing on the gut such as a tumor or due to adhesions. Intestinal obstruction presents with severe abdominal pain, cramping, bloating and swelling of the abdomen, constipation and inability to pass flatus. Intestinal obstruction is a medical emergency and if untreated can be fatal. Surgical intervention is the only modality of treatment. Intraoperatively, the obstruction is relieved and any intestinal tissue

The Decline of Womens Roles in Early Christianity Essay -- World Hist

The Decline of Women's Roles in Early Christianity "Suddenly Jesus met them and said, `Greetings!' And they came to him, took hold of his feet, and worshiped him." (Matthew 28:9)# Near the end of each of the four Christian gospels, it is women who first discovered that the body of Jesus was missing and who were the first to report seeing him after his death. Certainly then, this is a major indication of the high involvement of women in early Christianity. With such high status undoubtedly must have come power, influence, and important positions in the early Church. But by approximately 750 C.E women had lost these major roles in the Church, and the power and influence they once had. This essay will examine the decline of women's roles in early Christianity, and argue that this loss of power was a direct result of the canons of early Eastern and Western Church councils, which were founded on patriarchal notions. Before delving into why women lost positions in the early Church, it's best to first discuss what roles or positions they held. To begin, there were the wives of priests and various other church officials, who functioned as respected co-workers along side their husbands.# It is important to state though, that wives did not carry out the duties of their husbands. Next, was the order of widows, normally older women who had been married to only one man, and who had consecrated themselves to the church, after the death of their husbands, in order to pray for the clergy and congregation.# Deaconess was yet another position held by women. Although a deaconess did not have the same responsibilities as a priest, their specific role was to instruct female catechumens in the doctrines of the Christian faith, help to baptize... ...drickson Publishers Inc., 1998. Coogan, Michael D., Editor. The New Oxford Annotated Bible. New York: Oxford University Press Inc., 2001. Eisen, Ute E. Women Officeholders in Early Christianity. Translated by Linda M. Maloney. Collegeville: The Order of St. Benedict Inc., 2000. Kraemer, Ross Shepard, and Mary Rose D'Angelo. Women and Christian Origins. New York: Oxford University Press Inc., 1999. MacDonald, Margaret Y. Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Markus, R.A. Saeculum: History and Society in the Theology of St. Augustine. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1970. Scholer, David M. Women in Early Christianity. New York: Garland Publishing Inc., 1993. Williams, Stephen, and Gerard Friell, Editors. Theodosius the Empire at Bay. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995. The Decline of Women's Roles in Early Christianity Essay -- World Hist The Decline of Women's Roles in Early Christianity "Suddenly Jesus met them and said, `Greetings!' And they came to him, took hold of his feet, and worshiped him." (Matthew 28:9)# Near the end of each of the four Christian gospels, it is women who first discovered that the body of Jesus was missing and who were the first to report seeing him after his death. Certainly then, this is a major indication of the high involvement of women in early Christianity. With such high status undoubtedly must have come power, influence, and important positions in the early Church. But by approximately 750 C.E women had lost these major roles in the Church, and the power and influence they once had. This essay will examine the decline of women's roles in early Christianity, and argue that this loss of power was a direct result of the canons of early Eastern and Western Church councils, which were founded on patriarchal notions. Before delving into why women lost positions in the early Church, it's best to first discuss what roles or positions they held. To begin, there were the wives of priests and various other church officials, who functioned as respected co-workers along side their husbands.# It is important to state though, that wives did not carry out the duties of their husbands. Next, was the order of widows, normally older women who had been married to only one man, and who had consecrated themselves to the church, after the death of their husbands, in order to pray for the clergy and congregation.# Deaconess was yet another position held by women. Although a deaconess did not have the same responsibilities as a priest, their specific role was to instruct female catechumens in the doctrines of the Christian faith, help to baptize... ...drickson Publishers Inc., 1998. Coogan, Michael D., Editor. The New Oxford Annotated Bible. New York: Oxford University Press Inc., 2001. Eisen, Ute E. Women Officeholders in Early Christianity. Translated by Linda M. Maloney. Collegeville: The Order of St. Benedict Inc., 2000. Kraemer, Ross Shepard, and Mary Rose D'Angelo. Women and Christian Origins. New York: Oxford University Press Inc., 1999. MacDonald, Margaret Y. Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Markus, R.A. Saeculum: History and Society in the Theology of St. Augustine. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1970. Scholer, David M. Women in Early Christianity. New York: Garland Publishing Inc., 1993. Williams, Stephen, and Gerard Friell, Editors. Theodosius the Empire at Bay. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995.