Organic Chemistry Hydrocarbon Nomenclature Prefixes

The purpose of organic chemistry nomenclature is to indicate how many carbon atoms are in a chain, how the atoms are bonded together, and the identity and location of any functional groups in the molecule. The root names of hydrocarbon molecules are based on whether they form a chain or ring. A prefix to the name comes before the molecule. The prefix of the molecules name is based on the  number of carbon atoms. For example, a chain of six carbon atoms would be named using the prefix hex-. The suffix to the name is an ending that is applied that describes the types of chemical bonds in the molecule. An IUPAC name also includes the names of substituent groups (aside from hydrogen) that make up the molecular structure. Hydrocarbon Suffixes The suffix or ending of the name of a hydrocarbon depends on the nature of the chemical bonds between the carbon atoms. The suffix is -ane if all of the carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds (formula CnH2n2), -ene if at least one carbon-carbon bond is a double bond (formula CnH2n), and -yne if there is at least one carbon-carbon triple bond (formula CnH2n-2). There are other important organic suffixes: -ol means the molecule is alcohol or contains the -C-OH functional group-al means the molecule is an aldehyde or contains the OC-H functional group-amine means the molecule is an amine with the -C-NH2 functional group-ic acid indicates a carboxylic acid, which has the OC-OH functional group-ether indicates an ether, which has the -C-O-C- functional group-ate is an ester, which has the OC-O-C functional group-one is a ketone, which has the -CO functional group Hydrocarbon Prefixes This table lists the organic chemistry prefixes up to 20 carbons in a simple hydrocarbon chain. It would be a good idea to commit this table to memory early in your organic chemistry studies. Organic Chemistry Prefixes Prefix Number ofCarbon atoms Formula meth- 1 C eth- 2 C2 prop- 3 C3 but- 4 C4 pent- 5 C5 hex- 6 C6 hept- 7 C7 oct- 8 C8 non- 9 C9 dec- 10 C10 undec- 11 C11 dodec- 12 C12 tridec- 13 C13 tetradec- 14 C14 pentadec- 15 C15 hexadec- 16 C16 heptadec- 17 C17 octadec- 18 C18 nonadec- 19 C19 eicosan- 20 C20 Halogen substituents are also indicated using prefixes, such as fluoro (F-), chloro (Cl-), bromo (Br-), and iodo (I-).  Numbers are used to identify the position of the substituent. For example,  (CH3)2CHCH2CH2Br is named 1-bromo-3-methylbutane. Common Names Be aware, hydrocarbons found as rings (aromatic hydrocarbons) are named somewhat differently. For example, C6H6 is named benzene. Because it contains carbon-carbon double bonds, the -ene suffix is present. However, the prefix actually comes from the word gum benzoin, which as an aromatic resin used since the 15th century. When the hydrocarbons are substituents, there are several common names you may encounter: amyl: substituent with 5 carbonsvaleryl: substituent with 6 carbonslauryl: substituent with 12 carbonsmyristyl: substituent with 14 carbonscetyl or palmityl: substituent with 16 carbonsstearyl: substituent with 18 carbonsphenyl: common name for a hydrocarbon with benzene as a substituent

Analysis Of The Book The Great Gatsby - 1533 Words

A Mirage in a Desert: The Duality of Dreams in The Great Gatsby Dreamers are those who dedicate themselves to bringing the world in their minds into reality, unwilling to accept compromise. Dreams are the realities that everyone holds in their minds giving their lives meaning and direction, but what happens when a dreamer dreams a dream far too grand for reality? Scott F. Fitzgerald critically examines the duality of dreams in The Great Gatsby, a story about a young gentleman trying to achieve the American Dream through the love of a wealthy girl from his past, and in The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald places a heavy significance in lights of various forms and sources as lights not only serve as symbols of deception and truth, but also as the†¦show more content†¦Just as light is conventionally depicted as an illuminating force due to its ability to reveal something even if darkness enshrouds it, Gatsby’s true desires behind his love for Daisy is revealed on the â€Å"sidewalk[which] was white with moonlight,† and â€Å"Out of the corner of his eye Gatsby saw that the blocks of the sidewalks really formed a ladder and mounted to a secret place above the trees†¦ and once there he could suck on the pap of life, gulp down the incomparable milk of wonder†(117). The sidewalk symbolizes Gatsby s true desire, which is to blime the social ladder due to the peculiarity of Fitzgerald comparing a sidewalk, which is an object one uses to travel horizontally, to a ladder, an object that one uses to travel vertically. Further, this image comes to Gatsby’s attention just as he is about to kiss Daisy whom, too, stood as the end of the sidewalk. Therefore, a parallel is drawn between Daisy and the â€Å"pap of life,† a purà ©e usually fed to newborns, implying that Daisy is a necessary nutrient to fueling Gatsby’s dream of becoming a member of the upper class. Prior to this passage, one is led to believe that Gatsby is simply lovesick due to Daisy’s unique physique and personality , but the fact that Gatsby has equated acquiring Daisy to acquiring his American dream is revealed by the moonlight as Gatsby was only able to see the sidewalk due to illumination from the moonlight. In this instance, light served to reveal truth, however, Fitzgerald also

Auditing and Assurance in Australia-Free-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.Based on the background information contained in the case, explain whether it will be necessary to use the work of an expert in the audit of DIPL. 2.Referring to the background information contained in the case, identify five factors that would influence your determination of the preliminary figure for overall materiality for the 2017 audit of DIPL. Answers: 1.Assessing whether there is need to use the services of an expert in the audit of Double Ink Printers Limited In this particular question, it is needed to evaluate whether there is a need to use the services of an expert in the audit of Double Ink Printers Limited (Soh Martinov-Bennie, 2015). As per the guidelines of International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board, it is noted that there is need of an expert in auditing of financial statement of business enterprise. Several aspects need to be taken into account by auditors before examining material misstated figures at the time of planning for audit activities. Information should be present with the users and they should use it as evidence at the time of planning for audit as it forms significant part of expert work. It is the responsibility of the professionals and expert to have necessary information and knowledge so that they can review as well as guide the work efficiently. A proficient expert need to understand several matters and perform their job diligently to avoid further confusion and error in audit practices and list of this matter are mentioned below with proper justification: In situation when there is a need to value any of the complicated financial tools, Plant Equipment as well as acquired assets and any other things that is needed at the time looking at the normal course of business (Simnett, Carson Vanstraelen, 2016). These experts need to take decisions when business enterprise are required to value complex financial statements as well as impairment of assets and liabilities at the time of acquiring assets in business combination. Assessing unusual as well as complex issues of tax compliance In situation when actuarial liabilities is calculated in association with employee benefits plan as well as insurance contracts Interpreting different attributes such as regulations as well as contracts and laws Estimating gas as well as oil reserves (Simnett Huggins, 2015) Both clean-up costs as well as environmental liabilities is valued within specified time frame Issues faced by DIPL Need for an expert to carry out auditing activities Inventory obsolescence It is noted that the existing of allowance inventory obsolescence that is taken into consideration for covering an estimated value because of effects from storage hazards (Rahim Idowu, 2015). After viewing the case study of DIPL, it is seen that there is an occurrence of inventory allowance for obsolescence. It is due to storage vulnerability influence where there is decrease in value. Furthermore, payment of stock is performed at applicable currency of given country. The Board members together decided that allowance for inventory obsolescence as it need to written back at the same time. Therefore, the auditor of DIPL needs expert service for approximating value of obsolescence. It is due to value of the obsolescence of inventory that need to be checked within stipulated time frame. Depreciation of fixed assets The depreciation method used was straight-line depreciation method for allocating the cost for estimated useful lives of assets. In addition, an expert service is needed for measuring the impairment of assets along with depreciation. An expert will properly carry out the activities efficiently at the time of performing auditing practices (Moroney et al., 2014). 2.In this question, it is needed to explain the facts influencing calculation of preliminary figures on overall materiality. In order to perform this, materiality concept need to be known as it is one of the significant attributes that concern about faithful representation in the financial statements as in compliance with accounting standard (Moroney Trotman, 2016). After viewing the case study of DIPL, it is noted that the preliminary materiality figures are widely affected by major five factors that are mentioned below with proper justification. Identification of factors Underlying reasons behind finding relevance of several factors at the time of calculating or computing preliminary figures on overall materiality How the factors affect the preliminary figures for understanding the materiality in the planning process of audit activities Materiality concept that affect by fraud risk By evaluating the case, it is noted that the entire materiality of financial assertions of Double Ink Printers Limited can be negatively affected after identifying the critical factors like fraud risk (Knechel Salterio, 2016). At the time of preparing financial statements of DIPL, it is quite possible that the results may come with error or material misstated figures. In that case, misrepresenting the factors will directly result to some accounting projections that are actually irrational. At the time of applying basic accounting policies, it is needed to classify as well as value the statements that contain error disclosure of accounting information (Junior, Best Cotter, 2014) While evaluating the planning process, it is noted that the procedures used by implementing machines within business enterprise failed to satisfy the information technology manager (Hardy, 2014). The staff member at DIPL was under pressure, as they had to install the system for examining and reconciling purpose. after preliminary testing, it is detected that some of the transactions were not allocated within correct time frame Environmental aspects that affect materiality attributes After viewing the case study of DIPL, it is noted that several transactions were not taken into account at the time of preparing financial statements that took place may be because of mistake or human error. It may happen that the employees of Double Ink Printers Limited did the mistakes deliberately (Cohen Simnett, 2014). Effective planning pertains to attributes such as sales and marketing as it is inconsistent by nature. Even diverse macro as well as micro intentions was not evaluated by the Business Corporation It is noted that the transparency of DIPL financial statement largely affect by complexities in the process of appointing CEO of business enterprise. Materiality of financial statement affect by the factor if the decision maker does not have proper knowledge about the factors that influences business. After viewing the case study of DIPL, it is noted that DIPL failed to adopt proper method for presenting financial accounting as stated by macro as well as micro environmental factors after omitted figures. In addition, it is noted that financial report of DIPL can be affected properly because of high level of materiality as well as creating an impact on the audit planning process. Accounting policies that affect materiality attributes After viewing the case study of DIPL, it is noted that the valuation process of various types of raw materials as well as inputs used in the business was purely based on mechanism of average cost and even this was not measured in their accounting content. There was inappropriate use of valuation method where it implements average cost mechanism and increases the current cost. Impacts level several factors of materiality, as it is prevalent to inherent risk in business enterprise. It is noted that the administration of DIPL does not have any objectivity along with integrity. As a result, it is known that the produced result is likely to be material as well as influencing the decision. It is important to present financial statement with appropriate financial information as it is potentially be materially altered because of occurrence of fraudulent activities as it is driven by extreme pressure from employees (Carson, Fargher Zhang, 2016) It is noted that valuation of inventory process used for computing raw material was not suitable. The entire functional process of accounting was directly influenced by unsuitable as well as impractical assumptions and mechanism valuation. Factors relating with new process of accounts registration It is noted that the materiality of financial information of DIPL directly affected process for maintaining reorders of cash receipt by cashier of Business Corporation. It is the responsibility of the accountant to reconcile as well as prepare the accounts more efficiently at the ending period. Furthermore, materiality has the possibility to get influenced based on generation of revenue in a way by keeping into account other factors such as marketing as well as publishing and printing There are several factors that directly influences level of materiality and the accounting process need to be adopted by DIPL. The administration of DIPL needs to estimate as well as record raw materials in an effective way. It is needed to analyze raw materials that require assistance from the accounting process (Becker, Stead Stead, 2016). The entire pricess of maintaining records as well as details directly influences usage of electronic system for making transactions. It is because of improper recording of data as well as incapability of reconciling statements, it adversely lead to fall down of business activities further. This activity will influence the overall financial statement preparation because of existence of materiality of statement to solve several issues. Challenging CEO selection procedure After viewing the case study of DIPL, it is noted that appointing and selecting CEO of Business Corporation is quite complicated. In addition, there are even risk-associated links with the appointment process of accounting firms as well as transition power of CEO and William Jackson undertakes commencing of various activities as it. It is noted that the transparency of financial information as well as other factors of Business Corporation would affect complicated appointment of Chief Executive Officer. In addition, it would turn impact the decision maker negatively and materiality of the statement would be hugely affected It need complicated process of hiring as well as appointing Chief Executive Office within Business Corporation as it impact level of materiality. In addition, it is needed by business enterprise for employing transparent as well as filleted approach for appointing Chief Executive Officer. Reference List Becker, L. L., Stead, J. G., Stead, W. E. (2016). Sustainability Assurance: A Strategic Opportunity for CPA Firms.Management Accounting Quarterly,17(3), 29. Carson, E., Fargher, N., Zhang, Y. (2016). Trends in auditor reporting in Australia: A synthesis and opportunities for research.Australian Accounting Review,26(3), 226-242. Cohen, J. R., Simnett, R. (2014). CSR and assurance services: A research agenda.Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory,34(1), 59-74. Hardy, C. A. (2014). The messy matters of continuous assurance: Findings from exploratory research in Australia.Journal of Information Systems,28(2), 357-377. Junior, R. M., Best, P. J., Cotter, J. (2014). Sustainability reporting and assurance: A historical analysis on a world-wide phenomenon.Journal of Business Ethics,120(1), 1-11. Knechel, W. R., Salterio, S. E. (2016).Auditing: Assurance and risk. Taylor Francis. Moroney, R., Trotman, K. T. (2016). Differences in Auditors' Materiality Assessments When Auditing Financial Statements and Sustainability Reports.Contemporary Accounting Research,33(2), 551-575. Moroney, R., Campbell, F., Hamilton, J., Warren, V. (2014).Auditing: A Practical Approach. Wiley Global Education. Rahim, M. M., Idowu, S. O. (Eds.). (2015).Social Audit Regulation: Development, Challenges and Opportunities. Springer. Simnett, R., Huggins, A. L. (2015). Integrated reporting and assurance: where can research add value?.Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal,6(1), 29-53. Simnett, R., Carson, E., Vanstraelen, A. (2016). International Archival Auditing and Assurance Research: Trends, Methodological Issues, and Opportunities.Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory,35(3), 1-32. Soh, D. S., Martinov-Bennie, N. (2015). Internal auditors perceptions of their role in environmental, social and governance assurance and consulting.Managerial Auditing Journal,30(1), 80-111.

Problem Based Exercise †Law an Example of the Topic Government and Law Essays by

Problem Based Exercise – Law Question One Arthur had a right not to pay for Victor's expenses amounting to $1000 as agreed since he did not honor his agreement of buying any Pro Hart landscape style painting at the auction sale. There was a contract between Arthur and Victor that stated that Arthur was to pay Victor's expenses and a fee of $1000 if Victor succeeded in acquiring a Pro Hart Landscape Style painting. A contract is an agreement between two or more persons which is intended to create legally binding obligations. The word binding is used for there are some contracts which are valid and yet they are not enforceable. For this case, according to the contract, Arthur was to pay Victor's expense of attending an auction sale and a fee of $1000 if he bought any Pro Hart landscape style painting. Need essay sample on "Problem Based Exercise Law" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Arthur was not entitled to pay Victor the agreed some of money since he did not buy any Pro Hart landscape style painting as agreed as he instead bought one of Pro's Hart's child. Victor breached the contract. A contract may be breached by discharge or failure of one of the parties to a contract to perform his obligation under the contract. Although every breach of contract provides remedies to the innocent party, this does not necessarily discharge the contract. Thus, if a party breaks a term of contract going to its root, known as a condition, the other party will be released from his obligations under the contract, known as warranty; the innocent party will therefore not be released from performance and can only claim damages. But for this case, Arthur will only be released from his obligation under the contract. On the issue that Victor bought the painting believing to have been one of Pro Hart painting is under misrepresentation. The circumstance under which a contract, which is apparently complete and valid is vitiated are: mistake; misrepresentation; duress and undue influence. The presence of one of these factors in a contract renders the contract void or voidable. For example, a contract entered into due to a mistake of fact is void, while a contract effected by misrepresentation, duress or undue influence is voidable whereby it is set aside by one of the parties subject to certain conditions. The preliminary negotiations before a formal offer is made include statements of two kinds: those which become part of the contract, and are known as the terms of the contract and those which do not become terms of the contract, but nevertheless play an important role in including the parties entering into a contract. Such terms are known as mere representation if the representation is untrue. Misrepresentation does not render the contract void, but the party misled will be able to avoid the contract by proving that misrepresentation was of fundamental fact, not of law. A representation of law is not actionable merely because it turns out to be misleading or wrong. Where A tells B that a contract of guarantee, which subsequently proves unenforceable, B cannot sue A for fraudulent misrepresentation, as misrepresentation of law is not actionable. Misrepresentation occurs when a party to a contract is induced to contract with another by a misleading statement made by the second party. The false representation is not restricted to words, and may be made by the conduct of the parties. Misled person relies on his own judgment if the person on whom the fraud was practiced was not in actual fact deceived and acted on his own judgment, he has no legal ground to plead that he relied on the misrepresentation, even though he had been negligent. He can still get the contract set aside and claim damages. A relevant case studied is that of With vs. O'Flanagan of 1936. "In this case, With was induced to buy F's medical practice on the representation that it was worth 2000 a year. The representation was made in January, but the contract was completed in May. In the meantime, due to F's illness, his income from the practice was not more than 5 a week. It was held that the contract could have been avoided owing to F's failure to disclose the substantial reduction in his practice." As for the Arthur, he should give back the painting to the auctioneers since they misrepresented the painting to be that of Pro Harts and it actually turned out to be of his children. Question Two In the case between Carlill vs. Carbolic Smoke Ball Co. of 1893, the company had advertised for a reward of 100 to anyone who was to contract influenza after using their smoke ball for a fortnight. Mrs. Carlill won the case since she bought the smoke and used them as prescribed and still contracted influenza. In this case, Carbolic Smoke Ball Company may argue that the advertisement was merely an advertising puff but not an offer. This was merely a way of advertising for their products and wanted just to induce people to buy their product by showing them that they were willing to pay that much in anyone contracted influenza after using their product. The reward in question was a very high amount and it was unreasonable for one to believe that he would be given such amount as advertised. Question Three On the case where Hedley sold his accountancy consultancy firm, there was a contract that was entered between Hedley and Dither. For this case, both parties were to honor their promise as per the contract failure to which the defaulting party can be sued for breach of contract. A contract which was intended to creating a legally binding obligation ought to be binding, failure to which, the contract will be enforceable by a court of law. When Hedley entered into an agreement with Dither during the sale of his business, there was an intention of creating a legal relation between them. For this case, they agreed that Hedley should not practice his accounting consultancy within a radius of 300 kilometers from Clare for a period of 4 years. Hedley breached this contract since he open a similar business in Gawler, approximately 70 kilometers from Clare. For this case, he ought to have open a similar office within that radius after 4 years had expired after the sale if his business. Dither should sue him for breach of contract and he will be entitled for remedies for breach of contract. In such circumstance the court will rule on an injunction since Hedley should not start a business with a radius of 300 kilometers from Clare since he was to interfere with the business he had sold to Dither. A relevant case on injunction was that of Warner Brothers vs. Nelson of 1937. "In this case N, a film actress was contracted to work for the plaintiff for one year, agreeing not to work for anyone else during that period. She made a breach of contract and worked for a rival company. The court refused to force N to work for the plaintiff, but an injunction was granted to prevent her from working with someone else." The court will not, however enforce contract by injunction if damages are a more suitable remedy since it can always award damages in lieu of an injunction. The best remedy available to Dither is an injunction so as to restrain Hedley from putting up a similar business with a radius of 300 kilometers as per the contract. References Bohnet, I., S. Huck and B. S. Frey (1999). More Order With Less Law: On Contract Enforcement and Crowding. Mimeo. Kennedy School of Law. Harvard University. Emanuel, S. L. (2004): Fundamental of Business Law, 4th Edn, New York, Educational Publisher Emerson R. W (2003): Business Law, 5th Edn, New York, Educational Publisher Jertz, A., Miller L. R, (2004): Fundamentals of Business Law, 3rd Edn, New York, Macmillan Publisher Kronman, A.T (1985); Contract Law and the State of Nature, Journal of Law, Economics, & Organization, Vol. 1, No. 1 (spring, 1985), pp. 5-32 McKendrick, E. (2005): Contract Law: Text, Cases and Materials, Oxford: University Press Saleemi, N. A, (1992), Elements of Law, 2nd Edn, Nairobi, N.A, Saleemi Publishers Penrose, R (2005): Road to Reality: A Complete Guide to the Laws of the Universe, New York, Longman Publisher

About Richard Neutra and the Architecture of Modernism

About Richard Neutra and the Architecture of Modernism Born and educated in Europe, Richard Joseph Neutra helped introduced the International Style to America, and also introduced Los Angeles design to Europe. His southern California firm envisioned many office buildings, churches, and cultural centers, but Richard Neutra is best known for his experiments in modern residential architecture. Background: Born: April 8, 1892 in Vienna, Austria Died: April 16, 1970 Education: Technical Academy, ViennaUniversity of Zà ¼rich Citizenship: Neutra became a US citizen in 1930, as the Nazis and Communists rose to power in Europe. Neutra is said to have studied with both Adolf Loos as a student in Europe and Frank Lloyd Wright when Neutra came to America in the 1920s. The simplicity of Neutras organic designs is evidence of this early influence. Selected Works: 1927-1929: Lovell House, Los Angeles, California1934: Anna Stern House, CA1934: Beard House, Altadena, CA1937: Miller House, Palm Springs, CA1946-1947: Kaufmann Desert House, Palm Springs, CA1947-1948: Tremaine House, Santa Barbara, CA1959: Oyler House, Lone Pine, CA1962: Cyclorama Building at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania1964: The Rice House, Richmond, Virginia Related People: Le CorbusierWalter GropiusPhilip JohnsonLudwig Mies van der RoheAdolf LoosFrank Lloyd WrightRudolf Schindler More About Richard Neutra: Homes designed by Richard Neutra combined Bauhaus modernism with Southern California building traditions, creating a unique adaptation that became known as Desert Modernism. Neutras houses were dramatic, flat-surfaced industrialized-looking buildings placed into a carefully arranged landscape. Constructed with steel, glass, and reinforced concrete, they were typically finished in stucco. The Lovell House (1927-1929) created a sensation in architectural circles in both Europe and America. Stylistically, this important early work was similar to the work of Le Corbusier and Mies van der Rohe in Europe. Architecture Professor Paul Heyer wrote that the house was a landmark in modern architecture in that it showed the potential of industry to go way beyond mere utilitarian considerations. Heyer describes the Lovell House construction: It began with a prefabricated light steel frame that was erected in forty hours. The floating floor planes, constructed of expanded metal reinforced and covered by concrete applied from a compressed air gun, were suspended by slender steel cables from the roof frame; they express the changes of floor level strongly, following the contours of the site. The swimming pool, at the lowest level, was also suspended within the steel frame, from U-shaped reinforced concrete cradles.- Architects on Architecture: New Directions in America by Paul Heyer, 1966, p. 142 Later in his career, Richard Neutra designed a series of elegant pavilion-style homes composed of layered horizontal planes. With extensive porches and patios, the homes appeared to merge with the surrounding landscape. The Kaufmann Desert House (1946-1947) and the Tremaine House (1947-48) are important examples of Neutras pavilion houses. Architect Richard Neutra was on the cover of Time magazine, August 15, 1949, with the heading, What will the neighbors think?   The same question was asked of southern California architect Frank Gehry when he remodeled his own house in 1978. Both Gehry and Neutra had a confidence that many took as arrogance. Neutra, in fact, was nominated for an AIA Gold Medal during his lifetime, but was not awarded the honor until 1977- seven years after his death. Learn More: Neutra: Complete WorksThe Oyler House: Richard Neutras Desert Retreat directed by Mike Dorsey, DVD, 46 minutesRichard Neutra: And The Search for Modern Architecture by Thomas S. Hines, Rizzoli, 2006Neutra by Barbara Lamprecht, 2004Richard Neutra: Mà ¶bel Furniture by Barbara Lamprecht, 2015Life and Shape: The Autobiography of Richard NeutraThe Drawings of Richard Neutra by Thomas S. Hines, Architectural Digest, February 28, 1993

Is US foreign policy driven by oil Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Is US foreign policy driven by oil - Essay Example The U.S. foreign policy is thus energy driven and security driven and these factors are integrated to exhibit the American dominance over the world (Bromley, S 2005 p.225 - 227). ‘Blood for oil’ is the term coined by social and political analysts to explain the overt actions of the United States to secure the oil fields in the Middle East. Michael Klare critises the national security policy of United States in Blood and oil. The author argues that the military and foreign policy of US has been driven by the need to ensure a safe method to source foreign oil specifically from the Middle East. Dependence on oil from foreign sources is continuously gowing and the US forces are deemed to fight to secure oil producing nations and supply routes. It is further argued that even if the United States diversifies its foreign oil supply sources, there is very less probability that the dependence on Gulf oil would reduce and the diversifiication of sources may increase the probablities of American involvement in conflict in other parts of the world. In the race to secure major shares of oil from other competitive nations, the U.S. is also highly probable to engage in war with China and Russia. Klare concludes by suggesting methods to reduce the costs involved for oil dependence that comes in the way of war and disharmony. The alternative methods suggested include a better national energy strategy of integrity and autonomy that detaches its method to secure energy from security obligations to governments abroad, reduction of oil consumption and to speed up methods to develop alternative energy sources. In short, Klare critices the foreign policy of U.S. that brings in consequences that are much underappreciated (Klare,M 2004). The national interest of United States is to remove any encumbrances or obstacles that obstruct the Americans in their pursuit for a better living and happiness. In

Life History of an Elderly Person Anthropology of Aging Essay

Life History of an Elderly Person Anthropology of Aging - Essay Example Collecting and preserving first-hand information about a person is the aim of oral history, alongside making it available to researchers. Researchers should give careful attention to equipment selection, legal and ethical issues, and processing techniques which all characterize the oral history process (Sommer and Quinlan, 2002: 1). This paper ultimately aims to answer the question, "Can a particular theory of ageing help explain aging in mainstream culture" Mr. WB is a 71-year old retired and divorced Irish-American man who presently lives in Illinois. Before proceeding to his actual life history, it is deemed important as well to mention his vital physical characteristics, as they might contribute to further analyzing health associations. He measures 5'9" in height, weighs 200 lbs., has impaired vision due to a developing cataract in both eyes, and has thinning white hair. The interview process was undertaken at daytime in his rented apartment, in which the informant expressed willingness to participate in order to fulfill the purposes of this paper, and requested for anonymity which shall be the case nonetheless. The interview took place for about two and a half hours. Mr. WB's Life from Birth to Present Mr. WB was born on June 29, 1937 in an Irish family who decided to settle in Salem, Oregon and moved to Illinois after seven years. He is second in the siblings of four, in which he has two brothers and a sister. His father, a tailor, died of a heart attack when he was eleven, and his mother, a nursing aid who never remarried, became a lone parent since. Because of poor economic condition, none among the four was able to make it through college and Mr. WB himself managed to finish through the ninth grade only. Mr. WB had his first sexual encounter when he was fifteen, with a girl he was fondly infatuated. This rite to passage made him want to explore more things, such as chasing girls and trying 'new stuffs' like smoking, going to the woods to hunt squirrels, and working in a local burger stand upon turning sixteen. He met Ms. EW when he was nineteen, felt he was in love, wanted to spend the rest of his life with her, and finally got married. The first few months of their marriage were happy and memorable. Ms. EW, now Mrs. WB, had two miscarriages occurring both in the first trimester of pregnancy. The second miscarriage, which almost took her life, made the couple decide not to have a child at all anymore. Mr. WB worked as a clerk at a local manufacturing firm while Mrs. WB stayed at home for a while and took care of the household chores and decided to work at a nursing home after a few years. Twenty-eight years ago, Mr. WB, who was 50 by then, had an illicit relationship with a younger woman in their office which was later discovered by his wife. The affair had been going on for almost a year upon the discovery. The woman, a 25-year old co-worker, was